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SOLUTIONS: DISPER  

solutions

advantages

Price

DEMO

COMMANDS:

Input data I

Input data II

Input data III

Input data IV

average

Import

commands

ALGORITHMS:

Algorithms I

Algorithms II

Algorithms III

Algorithms IV

Algorithms V

Algorithms VI

Algorithms VII

Algorithms VIII

Algorithms IX

Algorithms X

EMISSIONS:

Emissions I

Emissions II

Emissions III

Pollutants I

Pollutants II

GRAPHS:

Graphs I 

Graphs II

Graphs III 

Graphs IV

Atmospheric pollutants II

Oxides of nitrogen

Emissions are primarily in the form of NO, which is oxidised by ozone (O3) from nitric oxide to NO2. Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) is the primary concern for effects on health. The various oxides of nitrogen can also react with hydrocarbons in the atmosphere to contribute to photochemical smog. Oxides of nitrogen can also affect ecologically sensitive sites through deposition, causing acidification.  The term nitrogen oxide can be used to refer to any of these oxides (oxygen compounds) of nitrogen: Nitric oxide (NO);  Nitrogen dioxide (NO₂); Dinitrogen oxide (N₂O) (Nitrous oxide);  Dinitrogen trioxide (N₂O₃);  Dinitrogen tetroxide (N₂O₄); Dinitrogen pentoxide (N₂O₅). A mixture is often formed in chemical reactions that produce nitrogen oxides, with the proportions depending on the specific reaction and the conditions it is performed in. When dissolved in atmospheric moisture the result can be acid rain which can damage both trees and entire forest ecosystems.In atmospheric science the term NOx is used to mean the total concentration of NO plus NO2. During daylight NO and NO2 are in equilibrium with the ratio NO/NO2 determined by the intensity of sunshine (which converts NO2 to NO) and ozone (which reacts with NO to give back NO2). Three primary sources of  Oxides of nitrogen formation in combustion processes are: prompt NO, fuel NO and thermal NO. Thermal NO_x formation is recognized as the most relevant source when combusting natural gas.  

Acid rain

Acid rain is defined as rain with a pH of below 5.6. Normal rain has a pH of slightly under 6, which is slightly acidic. This natural acidity is caused by dissolved carbon dioxide. Acid rain is caused by sulfur from impurities in fossil fuels and nitrogen from the air combining with oxygen to form sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides. These diffuse into the atmosphere and react with air to form sulfuric and nitric acids which are soluble and fall with the rain. Some The resulting increased acidity in soil has proven to be harmful to vegetation.  Principal sources are industrial and power-generating plants and transportation vehicles. The gases may be carried hundreds of miles in the atmosphere before they are converted to acids and deposited. Since the industrial revolution, emissions of sulfur and nitrogen oxides to the atmosphere have increased. Industrial and energy-generating facilities that burn fossil fuels, primarily coal, are the principal sources of increased sulfur oxides. The toxic ions released due to acid rain form the greatest threat to humans.

Organic pollutants

Volatile organic compounds are organic chemical compounds that have high enough vapour pressures under normal conditions to significantly vaporize and enter the atmosphere. A wide range of carbon-based molecules, such as aldehydes, are volatile organic compounds. Common artifical sources of volatile organic compounds include paint thinners, dry cleaning solvents, and some constituents of petroleum fuels.  Volatile organic compounds are an important outdoor air pollutant. In this field they are often divided up into the separate categories of methane (CH4) and non-methane. Methane is an extremely efficient greenhouse gas which may contribute to enhanced global warming. Within the non-methanes, benzene may lead to leukaemia through prolonged exposure. 1,3-butadiene is another dangerous compound which is often associated with industrial uses. Volatile organic compounds are often used in paint, plastics, and cosmetics.

Photochemical smog

Photochemical smog is caused when two kinds of air pollution combine in the presence of sunlight. The first kind is the particulates and nitric oxides from the exhaust of fossil fuel-burning engines in cars and coal power plants. The second kind is the emission of volatile organic compounds from paints, solvents, and other chemicals. Smog is a problem in a number of cities and continues to harm life. High levels of smog aggravate and even cause human respiratory problems.

Emissions I - Emissions II - Emissions III - Pollutants I - Pollutants II

Pollution map (XY-Plane) produced by continuous discharge in a road region. The red colour represents high pollutant concentrations. Wind: SW (225 degrees).

Air pollution map (XY-Plane) produced by continuous discharge in time. The fucshia lines represents a stacks in the XY-Plane. The red colour represents high pollutant concentrations. Winds: E (90 dregrees) and S (180 degrees).

Canarina Algoritmos Numéricos, S.L.

Environmental software solutions

Software para impacto del medio ambiente  

Canary Islands, Spain

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CANARINA: Home - Air pollution · DISPER - Noise pollution · CUSTIC - Water pollution · DESCAR - Contact us

DISPER: Air pollution dispersion · DISPER - Solutions - Data - Algorithms - Emissions - Graphs - ISC3 (VOL. 2)

SOLUTIONS: Air pollution dispersion · DISPER - Software solutions - Software advantages - Price - DEMO download

COMMANDS: Input data I - Input data II - Input data III - Input data IV - Temporal average - Import and export data - Software commands

ALGORITHMS: Algorithms I - Algorithms II - Algorithms III - Algorithms IV - Algorithms V -  Algorithms VI - Algorithms VII - Algorithms VIII - Algorithms IX - Algorithms X

EMISSIONS: Emissions I - Emissions II - Emissions III - Pollutants I - Pollutants II

GRAPHS: Graphs I - Graphs II - Graphs III - Graphs IV

DISPER software solutions: This application has been used in great number of environmental reports, air pollution courses and air pollution studies in the last years. We currently have users in more than 10 countries.

Copyright © 2005 Canarina Algoritmos Numéricos, Sociedad Limitada Unipersonal CIF-B38803110 registered for electronic commerce in sheet TF-35526, sheet 1 of the volume 2.671 of the General Section, First Registration, Registro de la Propiedad Número 2 y Marcantil of , Spain. All rights reserved.